Suraj Dhakal
Ujjwal Prasai
405.27 Social Movements
and Writing
18 May 2018
Chamar and Sino Bahiskar Aandolan:
A Brief Account
This
paper attempts to shed light on why and how Chamar community fought against the
tradition that pushed them into the swamp of inequality and social injustice.
Subjugation of Chamar:
A Reflection
Chamar
community — one of the most marginalized and discriminated Dalit communities of
Nepal[1],
and also known for its multiple surnames including Ram, Harijan, Mahara, Mochi
and Rabidas
Photo Credit: Times of India
Sino Bahiskar Aandolan:
A Brief Account
Sino
Bahiskar Aandolan, a civil disobedience movement against a tradition that
forced Chamar[3]
to dispose cattle carcasses from higher caste households, grabbed a significant
attention in national and international arena back in 1999. Regardless of its
belated publicity in late 1990s, the foundation of the movement dates back to
early 1950s when first institutionalized attempt to shun the tradition was made
along with the establishment of community based organization named Nepal
Harijan Sudhar Sangh
The
first phase of the movement was active in improvisation of the tradition than
its complete abandonment. Thus, by the end of April 1958, the movement managed
to stop Chamar of Saptari, Siraha and Dhanusa from consuming carrion meat. Moreover,
the first phase of movement also includes struggle against contractors of state-owned
Bansbari Leather and Shoes Factory. Back then, Chamar were forced to sell raw
leather to local contractors at scrap value notwithstanding higher value in
Indian market[4].
Nepal Harijan Sudhar Sangh continuously fought against those contractors for
more than two decades; and subsequently government decided to shut down leather
contract system in 1982
The
second phase of Sino Bahiskar Aandolan, often touted as a milestone in
liberation of Chamar, took the movement one step further thereby not only
shunning the carrion meat but also by completely shunning the tradition. It was
spearheaded by social activist Baldev Ram, a recipient of Dr. Ambedkar
International Prize. Baldev’s struggle against social injustice and inequality
was profound. Back in 1964, Baldev initiated a campaign against unfair
distribution of land demanding that poor Dalit tenants get the ownership of the
land they sharecropped on. In the same year, Land Reform Act was passed, which
opened legal-avenue for resolving landlessness of tenants.[5]
Baldev’s involvement on land reform campaign established him as an opinion
leader of the community; and his thus formed persona — combined with Chamar’s
prolonged antagonism — contributed to the success of Sino Bahiskar Aandolan. A
community gathering, called upon by Baldev Ram after seeing his relatives eat
meat form carcasses, served as a cornerstone of the movement. Then, in the
following months of July 1999, Baldev was active in raising awareness against consumption
of carcass meat and also against dispose of animal carcasses without any pay.
Futile Oppositions to
the Movement
Sino
Bahiskar Movement, notwithstanding its subsequent success, on its initial phase
was besieged by higher castes including Yadav and Chaudhary to a great extent. Higher
caste members, in opposition to Chamar’s solidarity, organized together to form
a Chamar Boycott Committee. Economic blockade, social boycott, termination from
employment and prohibition in use of public properties like roads and forests
were some of the tools higher castes used to make Chamar stop the movement.
Once the news about economic blockade was reported rigorously by national
dailies, attention of human right activists, Dalit right activists and that of government
was drawn. Regardless of these oppositions, Sino Bahiskar Movement was already
at a point of no return. Subsequently on 24 March 2000, after series of
negotiations, a four-point’s agreement as of following was signed between Dalit
right activists and Chamar Boycott Committee.
1.
No individual shall be forced to dispose
carcass, and municipality office shall maintain alternative arrangements for
it.
2.
Individuals willing to dispose carcass
on their own shall not be stopped.
3.
Illegal and inhuman economic blockade
imposed upon Chamar shall be withdrawn urgently.
4.
Aforementioned decisions shall apply to
all. If violated, legal actions shall be taken.
Sino
Bahiskar Movement, in the first hand, raised awareness among Chamar about
inequality and social injustice associated with the traditional caste-based
occupation they practiced without a second thought. Moreover, the movement
helped Chamar get rid of mandatory responsibility imposed upon them to dispose
cattle carcass. However, discrimination is still pervasive for most Chamar do
not have any alternative means of livelihood other than working with cattle
carcass.
Works Cited
Jha, Abadhesh Kumar. "Baldev Ram, who fought for
Dalits and landless people, dies at 67." 02 August 2017. eKantipur.
12 March 2018
<http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2017-08-02/baldev-ram-who-fought-for-dalits-and-landless-people-dies-at-67.html>.
Krishna B. Bhattachan, Tej B. Sunar, Yasso Kanti Bhattachan.
Caste-based Discrimination in Nepal. Working Paper Series. New Delhi:
Indian Institute of Dalit Studies, 2009.
Paswan, Bhola. "Carcass Boycott Struggle in Siraha and
Saptari: Madhesi Dalit's Collectivism and Resistance." Protest against
Subjucation: Struggle Stories of Nepalese Dalits. Kathmandu: Samata
Foundation, 2013.
Rajendra Senchurey, Bhakta Nepali. "Unequal
exchange." 24 November 2013. The Kathmandu Post. 15 May 2018
<http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2013-11-24/unequal-exchange.html>.
Yadav, Mithilesh. "Social activist Baldev Ram dies at 74." 02 August 2017. myRepublica. 09 March 2018 <http://www.myrepublica.com/news/24903/>.
[1]
Based on telephone interview with Saptari, Nepal based journalist Bhola Paswan
[2]
Tradition wherein so-called lower castes (Dalits) serve so-called higher caste
people with their traditional occupations and in return get food grains (bali)
periodically from each harvest.
[3]
Nepal’s one of the most marginalized so called low caste community
[4]
Back then, the price of raw leather in Indian market was ten times than the
amount paid by Nepalese contractors.
[5]
Second chapter of Land Reform Act 1964 contains provisions for issuing land
ownership certificate to tenants under the supervision of land reform officer.
[6]
Chandra Kishor, op-ed columnist at Kathmandu based newspaper, writes that the
movement was condemned in parliament back in 1999.
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